Development of strategies to improve quality and safety and reduce cost of production in organic and ‘low input‘ crop production systems

The overall aims of organic and low input crop production include the economically viable and environmentally sound production of high quality food and feed. Technological bottlenecks in such systems include insufficient and instable yields and in some instances unsatisfactory processing, sensory and/or nutritional quality of the final product. Recently, concerns have also been raised that the intensive use of manures may lead to increased risk for contamination of food by enteropathogenic micro-organisms. Crop production in low input systems is based on key pillars, i.e. (i) a fertile soil which provides sufficient capacity to allow for plant growth while preventing soil-borne diseases, (ii) high quality, disease-free seeds and plant material, (iii) a crop-specific soil fertility management to provide sufficient nutrients for optimum plant growth, and (iv) adequate crop protection techniques to prevent damage due to noxious organisms. In the QLIF project we develop improved component strategies to overcome technological bottlenecks in annual (wheat, lettuce, tomato) and perennial (apple) crop production systems. In this paper we report the progress achieved so far

Immunohistochemical characterization of the 'intimal proliferation' phenomenon in Sneddon's syndrome and essential thrombocythaemia

Cellular changes were immunocytochemically characterized in skin vessels of five patients with idiopathic generalized racemose livedo (Sneddon's syndrome), and one patient with localized racemose livedo associated with essential thrombocythaemia. Antibodies against alpha-smooth muscle-actin, tropomyosin, desmin, vimentin, factor VIII-related antigen, human endothelial cells (CD31), human macrophages (CD68), and HLA-DR positive cells (CR3/43) were used. Conventional light microscopy showed, in all cases, intimal thickening of ascending arteries and arterioles as a result of an accumulation of cells and extracellular hyalinized material. None of the specimens showed infiltration with polymorphonuclear leucocytes or macrophages. The cells in the region of the intimal hyperplasia showed intense positive immunostaining for alpha-smooth muscle actin and tropomyosin. Staining for the intermediate filament desmin was localized to the resident smooth muscle cells of the media, whereas staining for vimentin was found in all types of cells in both the intima and media. Positive immunostaining for factor VIII-related antigen and CD31 was strictly confined to the endothelial cells lining the narrowed lumina of the vessels. No positive staining with either antibody was observed in totally occluded vessels. Cells in the subintimal space did not show reactivity for CD68 in any of the specimens, but two cases showed solitary cells with positive staining for HLA-DR in this region. There were no differences in staining pattern between Sneddon's syndrome and essential thrombocythaemia with any of the antibodies. Our results support the assumption that the 'intimal proliferation' in both diseases is caused by colonization of the subendothelial space with contractile cells of possible smooth muscle origin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS

Auswirkungen von PEN, einem Extrakt aus der Biomasse von Penicillium chrysogenum, auf Pathogene und Pflanzen

Der Ersatz von Kupfer und anderen Pestiziden ist eine der dringlichen Aufgaben der Forschung im biologischen Landbau. Beim direkten Pflanzenschutz stehen fungizid wirkende Substanzen, Biocontrol-Organismen und Pflanzenstärkungsmittel zur Diskussion. Das Konzept der Pflanzenstärkung ist seit langem im biologischen Landbau bekannt. Beispielsweise werden Kompostextrakte, Brennesselextrakte, aber auch kommerzialisierte Produkte aus Reynoutria sachalinensis oder Backpulver eingesetzt. Unter den Resistenzinduktoren (Elicitoren) sind vor allem diejenigen von grossem Interesse, die Resistenz gegen Pathogene auslösen, die ansonsten mit Kupfer bekämpft werden (Tamm, 2000). Der Dünger Agro Biosol (Biochemie GmbH, A-Kundl) weist nebst einer Düngerwirkung auch krankheitsvermindernde Eigenschaften auf. Dies legen Beobachtungen nahe, die bereits in den achtziger Jahren auf Grasflächen gemacht wurden, die mit Fusarium nivale befallen waren. Das aus der Penicillinproduktion gewonnene Trockenmycel ist frei von Penicillin. Agro Biosol enthält 6 % Gesamtstickstoff, 1 % Gesamtphosphor, 1 % Kali, sowie Spurenelemente und Vitamine (Naschberger, pers. Mitteilung). In der Schweiz ist Agro Biosol als Dünger im biologischen Landbau zugelassen (Tamm, Maurer & Alföldi, 2000). E. Mösinger (Sandoz Agro, CH - Witterswil) führte erste Versuche über die krankheitsunterdrückende Wirkung von Agro Biosol durch. Dazu wurde ein Extrakt des Trockenmycels von P. chrysogenum hergestellt, der die Kurzbezeichnung ‚PEN’ erhielt. Diese Untersuchungen von Mösinger und Mitarbeitern wiesen darauf hin, dass PEN an Tomaten und Gurken Resistenz induzieren kann. Ab 1997 wurde das Thema am FiBL weiterverfolgt. Mit den vorliegenden Untersuchungen wurden die Teilziele angestrebt (i) Verifizieren und Charakterisieren der resistenzinduzierenden Eigenschaften von PEN, (ii) Abklären des Potentials für eine Weiterentwicklung von PEN als kommerzialisierbaren Resistenzinduktor und (iii) Charakterisierung der phytotoxischen Eigenschaften von PEN als Ausgangspunkt für die Optimierung von Agro Biosol. Fazit: PEN, der Extrakt von Penicillium chrysogenum, kann bei zahlreichen Wirt- Pathogen-Systemen den Krankheitsbefall markant reduzieren. Dies ist insbesondere bei Krankheitserregern von Interesse, die ansonsten mit biotauglichen Produkten nur schwer kontrollierbar sind. Das Ausgangsmaterial wird als biotauglich eingeschätzt und steht in genügenden Mengen in konstanter Qualität zur Verfügung. Dies sind günstige Voraussetzungen, um einen neuartigen Resistenzinduktor für den biologischen Anbau bis zur Praxisreife zu entwickeln. PEN kann allerdings phytotoxische Effekte auslösen, die eine Praxisanwendung als Resistenzinduktor vorerst ausschliessen. Unsere Forschung hat gegenwärtig zwei Stossrichtungen. Einerseits werden die Effekte von PEN auf die Pflanzenphysiologie untersucht und die involvierten Stoffwechselprozesse detailliert abgeklärt. Andererseits suchen wir nach den aktiven Prinzipien, die für Resistenzinduktion und Phytotoxizität verantwortlich sind

Laser frequency stabilization to a single ion

A fundamental limit to the stability of a single-ion optical frequency standard is set by quantum noise in the measurement of the internal state of the ion. We discuss how the interrogation sequence and the processing of the atomic resonance signal can be optimized in order to obtain the highest possible stability under realistic experimental conditions. A servo algorithm is presented that stabilizes a laser frequency to the single-ion signal and that eliminates errors due to laser frequency drift. Numerical simulations of the servo characteristics are compared to experimental data from a frequency comparison of two single-ion standards based on a transition at 688 THz in 171Yb+. Experimentally, an instability sigma_y(100 s)=9*10^{-16} is obtained in the frequency difference between both standards.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, submitted to J. Phys.

Growth rate of primary left atrial myxoma

We describe the growth of a primary left atrial myxoma over a period of approximately 27 months, review the literature on the growth rate of primary myxoma and discuss the value of echocardiography compared to CT scan and MRI in the diagnosis of intracardiac tumuor

Quantized Rotation of Atoms From Photons with Orbital Angular Momentum

We demonstrate the coherent transfer of the orbital angular momentum of a photon to an atom in quantized units of hbar, using a 2-photon stimulated Raman process with Laguerre-Gaussian beams to generate an atomic vortex state in a Bose-Einstein condensate of sodium atoms. We show that the process is coherent by creating superpositions of different vortex states, where the relative phase between the states is determined by the relative phases of the optical fields. Furthermore, we create vortices of charge 2 by transferring to each atom the orbital angular momentum of two photons.Comment: New version, 4 pages and 3 figures, accepted for publication in Physical Review Letter

A comparative DFT study of electronic properties of 2H-, 4H- and 6H-SiC(0001) and SiC(000-1) clean surfaces: Significance of the surface Stark effect

Electric field, uniform within the slab, emerging due to Fermi level pinning at its both sides is analyzed using DFT simulations of the SiC surface slabs of different thickness. It is shown that for thicker slab the field is nonuniform and this fact is related to the surface state charge. Using the electron density and potential profiles it is proved that for high precision simulations it is necessary to take into account enough number of the Si-C layers. We show that using 12 diatomic layers leads to satisfactory results. It is also demonstrated that the change of the opposite side slab termination, both by different type of atoms or by their location, can be used to adjust electric field within the slab, creating a tool for simulation of surface properties, depending on the doping in the bulk of semiconductor. Using these simulations it was found that, depending on the electric field, the energy of the surface states changes in a different way than energy of the bulk states. This criterion can be used to distinguish Shockley and Tamm surface states. The electronic properties, i.e. energy and type of surface states of the three clean surfaces: 2H-, 4H-, 6H-SiC(0001), and SiC($000 \bar{1}$) are analyzed and compared using field dependent DFT simulations.Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures, 4 table